Python 模块 中列出的 Python 模块具有一些 BLFS 中其他软件包未引用的依赖项。这些依赖项在此列出。除非需要更新版本，否则它们不会定期更新。
![[重要]](../images/important.png)
在 BLFS 中，我们通常使用 pip3 构建并安装 Python 3 模块。请注意，本书中的
pip3 install 命令应以
root 用户身份运行，除非是针对 Python 虚拟环境。以非
root 用户身份运行 pip3 install
可能看起来工作正常，但会导致已安装的模块对其他用户不可用。
pip3 install
默认不会重新安装已安装的模块。要使用 pip3
install 命令升级模块（例如，从 meson-0.61.3 升级到
meson-0.62.0），请在命令行中插入 --upgrade。如果确实需要降级模块或因某种原因重新安装相同版本，请在命令行中插入
--force-reinstall。
The Alabaster package is a theme for the sphinx documentation system. Although developed separately, it is the default theme for sphinx.
![[注意]](../images/note.png)
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/a/alabaster/alabaster-1.0.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：c6c2173e5565fb12f08bef410ea50f72
大小：24 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：160 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
This package does not come with a test suite.
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user alabaster
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Babel package is an integrated collection of utilities that assist in internationalizing and localizing Python applications, with an emphasis on web-based applications.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/B/Babel/babel-2.18.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：b5ea9705c2ad6f8c630e4a66d3dd2cfa
大小：9.5 MB
预计所需磁盘空间：129 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1, freezegun, and pytest-cov
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user Babel
Assuming pytest-9.1.1 is installed, but the other optional dependencies are not, the installation can be tested with the following commands:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && source testenv/bin/activate && pip3 install pytest-cov freezegun && python3 /usr/bin/pytest deactivate
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The certifi module provides Mozilla’s carefully curated collection of Root Certificates for validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the identity of TLS hosts.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/c/certifi/certifi-2026.6.17.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：1af47cd1635599db1f2e598ae6c4d751
大小：132 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：700 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user certifi
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Chardet is a universal character encoding detector.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/c/chardet/chardet-5.2.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：cc2d8cc9a751641463b4f7cfecad2ffa
大小：768 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：63 MB（测试将额外增加 12 MB）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（测试将额外增加 0.8 SBU）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user chardet
To test the installation issue pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The charset-normalizer library helps with reading text from an unknown character encoding.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/c/charset-normalizer/charset_normalizer-3.4.7.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：68805886064d248d2e5205fd11112d85
大小：144 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.1 MB (add 15 MB for tests)
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user charset-normalizer
Assuming pytest-9.1.1 is installed, but the other optional dependencies are not, the installation can be tested with the following commands:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && source testenv/bin/activate && pip3 install pytest-cov && python3 /usr/bin/pytest && deactivate
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Commonmark Python parser for the CommonMark Markdown specification.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/c/commonmark/commonmark-0.9.2.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：b0231bf53ac7261f0f47d268b77b667f
大小：96 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.3 MB（测试将额外增加 30 MB）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（测试将额外增加 0.1 SBU）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user commonmark
Assuming pytest-9.1.1 is installed and the other optional dependency is not, the installation can be tested with:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && source testenv/bin/activate && pip3 install hypothesis && python3 /usr/bin/pytest commonmark/tests/unit_tests.py python3 commonmark/tests/run_spec_tests.py deactivate
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Editables is python library for creating “editable wheels.”
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/e/editables/editables-0.6.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：658e28eab5b342442d8edc42ff4fa3bd
大小：20 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：196 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user editables
To test the installation, issue: pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Hatchling is an extensible, standards compliant build backend for python modules.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/h/hatchling/hatchling-1.30.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：b29946ca72c03b9981775388e7723b60
大小：56 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.1 MB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
editables-0.6, pathspec-1.1.1, pluggy-1.6.0, and trove-classifiers-2026.1.14.14
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
This package does not come with a working test suite.
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user hatchling
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Hatch-Fancy-Pypi-Readme is a hatch plugin filling the readme field into the metadata of a Python module from markup language documentation files of the module.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：8e1ed2416887685adc1c909ed4fb63cb
大小：32 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：388 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user hatch-fancy-pypi-readme
To test the installation, issue: pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Hatch_vcs is a Hatch plugin for versioning with several Version Control Systems ( VCS ).
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/h/hatch-vcs/hatch_vcs-0.5.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：9a22a9f7203783e526959d34510a9672
大小：9.9 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：436 KB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
hatchling-1.30.1 and setuptools_scm-10.1.2
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user hatch_vcs
To test the installation, issue (HOME= prevents the .gitconfig file in the home directory from
interfering the tests): HOME=
pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Idna module provides support for the Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) protocol as specified in RFC 5891.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/i/idna/idna-3.18.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：64359467ec86d86e398b1ae614e5718c
大小：196 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：4.8 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user idna
To test the installation, run pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The imagesize package analyzes image file headers and returns the image size and DPI. It works with JPEG/JPEG 2000/PNG/GIF/TIFF/SVG/Netpbm/WebP formats.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/i/imagesize/imagesize-1.4.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：5a40586a25c07e1a8f16f6267252c321
大小：1.2 MB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.8 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user imagesize
The tests for this package are known to be broken. To test the installation anyway, run pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Iniconfig is a small and simple INI-file parser module.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/i/iniconfig/iniconfig-2.3.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：5c1d9c21275feb3da71400bf716edd72
大小：24 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：304 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user iniconfig
To test the results, issue: pytest
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The maturin module provides a build system for rust binaries and crates generated from Python packages.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://github.com/PyO3/maturin/archive/v1.14.1/maturin-1.14.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：ed60ce01916c36311fa8752b7af00b67
大小：759 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：537 MB (add 6.1 GB for tests)
预计构建时间：1.3 SBU (including download time, add 2.5 SBU for tests with download time)
rustc-1.96.0 and setuptools_rust-1.12.1
patchelf-0.19.0 and zig
cffi, pycparser, and virtualenv
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user maturin
To test the installation, issue:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && testenv/bin/pip3 install cffi pycparser virtualenv && PATH=$PWD/testenv/bin:$PATH cargo test
Six tests, errors::pypi_compatibility_unsupported_target,
integration::integration_cffi_cases::case_2_cffi_mixed,
integration::integration_wasm_hello_world,
sdist::external_python_source_sdist,
sdist::lib_with_parent_workspace_path_dep_sdist,
and sdist::pyo3_mixed_include_exclude_sdist are
known to fail.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Markdown is a Python parser for John Gruber's Markdown specification.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/M/Markdown/markdown-3.10.2.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：ec7bae2cc261dcb2c9a27271b60d40d4
大小：364 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：21 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1, PyYAML-6.0.3, and coverage
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user Markdown
Assuming pytest-9.1.1 and PyYAML-6.0.3 are installed and the other optional dependency is not, the installation can be tested with:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && source testenv/bin/activate && pip3 install coverage && python3 /usr/bin/pytest --ignore=tests/test_syntax/extensions/test_md_in_html.py deactivate
The instructions above skip the test_md_in_html test because it is incompatible
with pytest-9.0 and later. One test, test_apis.py::TestConvertFile::testFileNames,
will output a deprecation warning because of Python 3.14.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Meson_python module contains a Python build backend (PEP 517) for Meson projects.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/m/meson_python/meson_python-0.20.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：032ed60b1d86c448331fc0a2ba81f499
大小：104 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：20 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
build-1.5.0, cython-3.2.8, git-2.55.0, pytest-9.1.1, and pytest-mock
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user meson_python
To test the installation, make sure git-2.55.0, patchelf-0.19.0,
and pytest-9.1.1 are installed, then issue
(HOME= prevents the .gitconfig file in the home directory from
interfering the tests):
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && testenv/bin/pip3 install --group=test && HOME= testenv/bin/python -m pytest
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Msgpack is an efficient binary serialization format. It lets you exchange data among multiple languages like JSON. But it's faster and smaller. This package provides CPython bindings for reading and writing Msgpack data.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/m/msgpack/msgpack-1.2.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：e0a9c82423574f99314ccd1ed77b8c67
大小：180 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：4.1 MB (add 0.3 MB for tests)
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user msgpack
To test the installation issue pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Pathspec is a utility library for pattern matching of file paths.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/p/pathspec/pathspec-1.1.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：c762d0a00d6cfc9de003e02d5072b26a
大小：136 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.7 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user pathspec
To test the installation, issue pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Pluggy package gives users the ability to extend or modify the behaviour of a host program by installing a plugin for that program. The plugin code will run as part of normal program execution, changing or enhancing certain aspects of it. In essence, pluggy enables function hooking so a user can build “pluggable” systems.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/p/pluggy/pluggy-1.6.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：54391218af778acb006c2d915085d469
大小：68 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：588 KB (add 18 MB for tests)
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user pluggy
To test the installation, issue: pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Pyproject_Hooks is a low-level
library for calling build-backends in pyproject.toml-based projects.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/p/pyproject-hooks/pyproject_hooks-1.2.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：ed3dd1b984339e83e35f676d7169c192
大小：19 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：520 KB (14 MB with tests)
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1 and testpath
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user pyproject_hooks
Assuming pytest-9.1.1 is installed, but the other optional dependency is not, the installation can be tested with the following commands:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && source testenv/bin/activate && pip3 install testpath && python3 -m pytest deactivate
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Pyproject-Metadata module contains a data class for PEP 621 metadata with support for “core metadata” (PEP 643) generation.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/p/pyproject-metadata/pyproject_metadata-0.11.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：f5f54a0951177667dfd7eefdfaa11372
大小：44 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：700 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user pyproject-metadata
To test the installation, make sure pytest-9.1.1 is installed and run:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && testenv/bin/pip3 install exceptiongroup && testenv/bin/python3 -m pytest
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Pytz library brings the IANA tz database into Python. It allows accurate and cross-platform timezone calculations.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/p/pytz/pytz-2026.2.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：ac9ab5e07d91fea1f15cbf50c18f29d9
大小：316 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：6.3 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user pytz
To test the installation, run pytest. A few warnings are issued.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Roman-numerals is a python library for manipulating well-formed Roman numerals.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/r/roman-numerals/roman_numerals-4.1.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：0154d3518651ec46fb0ad1dfbdf86348
大小：12 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：320 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user roman-numerals
To test the installation, issue: pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The semantic_version module brings a small library to handle the standard for Semantic Versioning in Python.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/s/semantic_version/semantic_version-2.10.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：e48abef93ba69abcd4eaf4640edfc38b
大小：52 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：656 KB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1 and Django
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user semantic_version
To test the installation, run pytest. There are 500+ warnings issued due to deprecated syntax with newer versions of Python.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The setuptools_rust module provides a plugin to setuptools allowing for the compilation of Python extensions in Rust.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/s/setuptools_rust/setuptools_rust-1.12.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：90ce501aabce2a859e19a213985288ea
大小：304 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：3.9 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user setuptools_rust
To test the installation, issue: pytest --doctest-modules setuptools_rust tests. One warning will be present about an API deprecation.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Setuptools_scm package is used to extract Python package versions from git or hg metadata instead of declaring them.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/s/setuptools_scm/setuptools_scm-10.1.2.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：fc7dfeae0b61636e3705547acc9f3276
大小：68 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.6 MB（测试将额外增加 118 MB）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（测试将额外增加 0.4 SBU）
build-1.5.0, git-2.55.0, mercurial-7.2.3, pytest-9.1.1, Sudo-1.9.17p2, pytest-timeout, rich, ruff, mypy, griffe, and flake8
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user setuptools_scm
To test the installation, make sure pytest-9.1.1 and the other optional
dependencies are installed and run (HOME= prevents the .gitconfig file in the home directory from
interfering the tests):
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && testenv/bin/pip3 install --group test && TZ=UTC HOME= testenv/bin/python3 -m pytest
If git-2.55.0 and/or mercurial-7.2.3 are not installed, the tests depending on the missing one(s) will be skipped. Some tests may invoke Sudo-1.9.17p2 and request a password.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Smartypants translates plain ASCII punctuation characters into “smart” typographic punctuation HTML entities.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/s/smartypants/smartypants-2.0.2.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：3149badecd0771c80ee9db4d09695edd
大小：17 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：344 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
This package does not come with a working test suite.
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user smartypants
To test the results, issue:
cp /usr/bin/smartypants . && pytest
One test, SetupTestCase::test_long_description, is known
to print a warning about upcoming changes in docutils.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Snowballstemmer package is a small string processing language for creating stemming algorithms for use in Information Retrieval, plus a collection of stemming algorithms implemented using it. Stemming maps different forms of the same word to a common “stem” — for example, the English stemmer maps connection, connections, connective, connected, and connecting to connect. Running a search for connected would also find documents which only have the other forms.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/s/snowballstemmer/snowballstemmer-3.1.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：6f838ab3e97baba9ed72ef64966ba4a0
大小：124 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：2.0 MB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
This package does not come with a test suite.
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user snowballstemmer
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Sphinxcontrib-applehelp package is a Sphinx extension which outputs Apple help books.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：e16bb1d6199f686d411c180e64a8e831
大小：20 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.0 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
pytest-9.1.1 and sphinx-9.1.0 (circular dependency)
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user sphinxcontrib-applehelp
To test the installation, run pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Sphinxcontrib-devhelp package is a Sphinx extension which outputs Devhelp documents.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：79ef5937b8397f724f4fb065073cd24c
大小：16 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：984 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1 and sphinx-9.1.0 (circular dependency)
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user sphinxcontrib-devhelp
To test the installation, run pytest.
The test suite will print a warning about upcoming changes in sphinx-11.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp package is a Sphinx extension which renders HTML help files.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：1326f55f6bea49ab6a846c0088bc369e
大小：24 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.2 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1, sphinx-9.1.0 (circular dependency), and html5lib-1.1
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp
If the optional dependencies are installed, the package can be tested with the following commands. The first command fixes a problem with removed API in Sphinx.
sed -i 's/keyword/pair: keyword;/' tests/roots/test-chm/index.rst && pytest
The tests will output a deprecation notice about upcoming changes in sphinx-11.x.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Sphinxcontrib-jquery package is a Sphinx extension which includes jQuery on newer Sphinx releases.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：46ea52845b17343ed6c61e6963fb265d
大小：120 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：552 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
This package does not come with a working test suite.
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user sphinxcontrib-jquery
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Sphinxcontrib-jsmath package is a Sphinx extension which renders display math in HTML via JavaScript.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：e45179f0a3608b6766862e0f34c23b62
大小：5.7 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：324 KB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1 and sphinx-9.1.0 (circular dependency)
First, fix several incompatibilities with Sphinx-9.1 and pytest-9.0.2:
patch -Np1 -i ../sphinxcontrib-jsmath-1.0.1-sphinx9_fixes-1.patch
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user sphinxcontrib-jsmath
The installation can be tested with the following command:
pytest
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Sphinxcontrib-qthelp package is a Sphinx extension which outputs QtHelp documents.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：ed4f32003b71a54ac3d68aa651cb6573
大小：20 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：18 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1, sphinx-9.1.0 (circular dependency), and defusedxml
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user sphinxcontrib-qthelp
The installation can be tested with the following commands:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && testenv/bin/pip3 install defusedxml && testenv/bin/python -m pytest
The test suite will print warnings about upcoming changes in Sphinx.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml package is a Sphinx extension which outputs “serialized” HTML files (json and pickle).
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：b536ce248d5ca134a30018692a17c6ca
大小：16 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：1.1 MB（含测试）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（含测试）
pytest-9.1.1 and sphinx-9.1.0 (circular dependency)
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml
To test the installation, first install sphinx-9.1.0, then run pytest. The test suite will print two warnings about upcoming changes in Sphinx.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Trove-Classifiers is a Python
library to encompass all valid PyPI classifiers used to
categorize projects and releases per PEP 301, for example
Topic :: System :: Filesystems and
Development Status :: 6 - Mature.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
MD5 校验和：ded610aa62cf3dc78360e96802ca72e8
大小：20 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：540 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
First, hard code the package version into setup.py to work around an issue causing the
generated wheel to contain an incorrect version string when the
calver module is not installed:
sed -i '/calver/s/^/#/;$iversion="2026.1.14.14"' setup.py
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user trove-classifiers
To test the installation, issue: pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
Typogrify provides filters to enhance web typography, including support for Django and Jinja templates.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/t/typogrify/typogrify-2.1.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：7cc9a0a1de988329add3982519dc7971
大小：13 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：404 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
This package does not come with a test suite.
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user typogrify
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The Urllib3 module is a powerful, user-friendly HTTP client for Python. It brings many critical features that are missing from the Python standard libraries.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/u/urllib3/urllib3-2.7.0.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：e79707b798a66c8165c9c441440f4e80
大小：424 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：3.5 MB（测试将额外增加 123 MB）
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（测试将额外增加 0.6 SBU）
pytest-9.1.1, httpx, hypercorn, mock, PySocks, pytest-timeout, python-dateutil, quart, quart-trio, tornado, trio, and trustme
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user urllib3
Assuming pytest-9.1.1 is installed, but the other optional dependencies are not, the installation can be tested with the following commands:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages testenv && source testenv/bin/activate && pip3 install --group dev && python3 /usr/bin/pytest --timeout 10 deactivate
At least 46 failures are expected with the instructions above.
There are several reasons. First, upstream uses a patched version
of the hypercorn module for their own testing, that can only be
obtained through git at https://github.com/urllib3/hypercorn.git,
at revision “urllib3-changes”, and should be installed
first in the virtual environment. Second, it seems the test suite
has not been adapted to recent versions of Python, and to recent
versions of the external Python modules. In particular, some
tests will hang, so pytest needs the --timeout switch.
The tests are currently broken with OpenSSL-4 as the pyopenssl module that is downloaded and installed into the virtual environment has not been adjusted for changes required by OpenSSL-4.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--system-site-packages:
Allow the Python3 venv module to
access the system-installed /usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages directory.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The uv_build module provides the PEP 517 build backend from the 'uv' Python package management system.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/u/uv_build/uv_build-0.11.24.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：f537ded461369ed76aec64e5d2e0269d
大小：392 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：445 MB
预计构建时间：0.9 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
This package does not come with a test suite.
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user uv_build
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
vcs_versioning provides essential functionality for setuptools_scm that allows that module to properly set version control metadata.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/v/vcs_versioning/vcs_versioning-2.1.2.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：01dcd340bcfead392f54cb4735705fa9
大小：132 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：2.8 MB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU（测试将额外增加 1.2 SBU）
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user vcs_versioning
To test the installation, issue: pytest.
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.
The webencodings module is a Python implementation of the WHATWG Encoding standard.
Development versions of BLFS may not build or run some packages properly if LFS or dependencies have been updated since the most recent stable versions of the books.
下载地址（HTTP）：https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/w/webencodings/webencodings-0.5.1.tar.gz
MD5 校验和：32f6e261d52e57bf7e1c4d41546d15b8
大小：12 KB
预计所需磁盘空间：164 KB
预计构建时间：小于 0.1 SBU
Build the module:
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-build-isolation --no-deps --no-cache-dir $PWD
Now, as the root user:
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist --no-user webencodings
-w dist: builds the
appropriate "wheel" for this module in the directory dist.
--no-build-isolation:
tells pip3 to run the build in the system environment instead of
creating a temporary build environment.
--no-deps: prevents pip3
from building wheels for the project's dependencies.
--no-index: ignores the
package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
--find-links dist: looks
for links to archives such as wheel (.whl) files in the directory
dist.
--no-cache-dir: Disables
the cache to prevent a warning when installing as the
root user.
--no-user: Prevent
mistakenly running the install command as a non-root user.
--upgrade: Upgrade the package to the
newest available version. This option is used with the install
command if a version of the package is already installed.
--force-reinstall: Reinstall the
package even if it is up-to-date. This option is used with the
install command if reinstalling the package or reverting to an
earlier version of the package.
--no-deps: Do not install package
dependencies. This option may be needed with the --upgrade or
--force-reinstall options.